• Problems with urination • Wetting (day and night) • Neurogenic bladder • Urinary tract infections • Abnormal urination • Urinary frequency • Painful urination • Spina bifida complications • Blood in the urine (hematuria) • Prenatal diagnosis of urinary obstructions (hydronephrosis) • Stones in the urinary tract • Trauma/injury to any part of the urogenital system • Disorders of sexual differentiation (intersex disorders)

• Blockages • Duplication anomalies • Hydronephrosis • Megaureters • Reflux • Stones • Strictures

• Cystic kidney diseases • Malformations • Obstructions

• Abnormal development of genitalia • Labial adhesions • Urinary problems associated with imperforate anus • Urinary and genital birth defects • Specialized surgical techniques: • Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) for stones • Minimally invasive surgery of the urinary tract • Laparoscopy for urinary tract obstruction and malformations • Laparoscopy for undescended testes • Laparoscopic repair of varicoceles • Robotically assisted surgical procedures • Minimally invasive removal of urinary tract stones

• Absent kidney • Duplication anomalies • Horseshoe kidney • Hydronephrosis • Pelvic kidney • Reflux • Stones

• Abnormal development • Abnormal urinary stream • Adhesions after circumcision • Chordee • Circumcision complications • Epispadias • Hidden penis • Hypospadias • Hypospadias complications • Injury • Meatal stenosis • Micropenis • Newborn circumcisions • Phimosis and foreskin problems • Webbed penis

• Absent testis • Epididymitis • Hernias • Hydroceles • Infections • Retractile testes • Spermatoceles • Testis pain • Torsion of the testis • Undescended testes • Varicoceles

• Bladder diverticulum • Bladder exstrophy and epispadias • Obstruction • Posterior urethral valves • Urethral strictures • Reflux • Tumors and cancer